Ethical Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Decision Making - Essay ExampleWayman reported in 2011 that in order to combat accounting fraud, US Congress enacted financial reform through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), which held entities more accountable for their bookkeeping methodologies by requiring senior management to attest to the accuracy of the data provided on the financial statements, as well as mandate companies to establish internal systems of checks and balances to police those crunching the numbers. The legislation lent more credibility and respect for the Generally trustworthy Accounting Principles (GAAP) by reinforcing them as law rather than mere ethical guidelines. GAAP is used to create parameters for corporate accountants and auditors when keeping records of transactions and balancing budgets. The rules piazza emphasis on revenue sources, itemized balance sheets, and numbers of outstanding shares. It is designed to create absolute transparency for investors and restore confidence in companie s financial statements.

Campaign finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Campaign finance - Essay ExampleRichard Bruce Dick Cheney, forty-sixth fault prexy of the United States, has over three decades of experience in governmental service. Formerly a US representative and secretary of state, many saw Cheney as the sublime running mate for the relatively inexperienced George W. Bush in the 2000 presidential election.Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska on January 30, 1941, the son of Marjorie and Richard H. Cheney. He was raised in Casper, Wyoming, where the elder Cheney worked as a soil conservationist for the Department of Agriculture.After graduating from a local high school, Cheney earned a scholarship and traveled east to understand Yale University in Connecticut. He dropped out of school during his second year, due to his poor academic performance, and returned to Wyoming. Cheney went to work for a brief time before returning to school, firstly at Casper College and later at the University of Wyoming. In 1964, he married his high-school sweethe art, Lynn Anne Vincent. Cheney finally graduated two years later with a masters degree in political science.After graduation, Cheney received an educational deferment to avoid military service during the Vietnam War. He enrolled in a doctoral program at the University of Wisconsin, and launched his long political life story in 1968, when he went to Washington DC to work for Representative William Steiger (R-Wisconsin) as a congressional fellow. Cheney was soon recruited by Representative Donald Rumsfeld, the head of President Richard Nixons patch of Economic Opportunity, to work as his assistant. (Carney 82)Throughout the early 1970s, Cheney held a number of positions alongside Rumsfeld, who had become a mentor to the young political hopeful. He served as deputy washcloth House counsel, assistant director of the Cost of Living Council, and deputy chief of staff for President Gerald Ford. To supplement his income, Cheney also served as vice president of investment group Bradley, W oods, & Co.Cheneys biggest break came in 1975, when he replaced his mentor as White House chief of staff after Rumsfeld was appointed as secretary of defense. At the age of 34, Cheney was among the youngest men ever to hold this position, which he held until 1976. During this time, he earned a reputation as a prominent worker in the Republican Party.Washington Insider Beginning in 1979, Cheney served six terms in the House of Representatives, as a representative from Wyoming. Before his election to the House, he suffered a heart attack, the first of three coronary episodes he would endure before the age of 50.As chairman of the Republican House Policy delegacy for most of his tenure, Cheney was known as a conservative, and voted strictly along party lines. When Republican Ronald Reagan became president in 1981, Cheney and his right-wing House colleagues were steadfast supporters of the new White House agenda. In addition to his vocal support for the Star Wars missile defense syste m, Cheney was in favor of military backing for the Contra rebels in Nicaragua, as sound as for rebel fighters in Afghanistan and Angola. In the late 1980s, when he sat on the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Deals with Iran during the Iran-Contra scandal, Cheney defended the polemical actions of the Reagan administration and his fellow Republicans.On the domestic issue front, Cheney was opposed to gun control and abortion and in favor of prayer in public schools. He voted against the Equal Rights Amendment and re-funding the Clean Water Act. As a result of his loyalty to the party, Cheney became minority whip, the second-most influential position in the House, in 1988. His wife, meanwhile, served as the chairperson of the guinea pig Endowment for the Humanities from 1986-1993.Under Reagans successor, George Bush, Cheney served as secretary of defense, and played a key role in directing the nations military during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The democratic success of the

Contrast and compare what the literature has to say on why, despite Essay

Contrast and compare what the literature has to say on why, despite the advance of globalization, business systems in the main i - Essay ExampleIt is argued by him that all decisions about the route to be followed are not made within an organization quite state plays a potentially important role in deciding the character of any business system in addition to determining how the employers should make out and what st yardgic choices should they make in response to rising globalization when the need arises to not let their businesses grow in isolation from the global business tr finishs. on that point is greater state involvement in determining a businesss character and the path it would follow. By developing a framework of analytic thinking to examine business systems, Whitley explained at length certain components of business systems and their interaction with institutions (Tempel, 2001, p. 43). Whitleys concept of national business systems has however been criticized often due to its weaknesses handle portraying organizations as passive pawns which have little option but to comply (Scott, cited in Tempel, 2001, p. 42). Employment systems national systems of training With the help of extensive search and discussion regarding why it is that business systems in many developed nations continue to diverge, many factors are unveiled. While a market driven approach lays the launching of employment systems in UK, fully developed vocational educational systems in France ensure high skill development and strict on-the-job training. Such sort of allocating highly skilled workers even for the lowest jobs is not observed in UK. Germany, in contrast, practices the best system of economy wide vocational educational training. The rate of formal consultation is highest in European countries like Germany, Italy, and Sweden where employees are highly valued (Brewster and Larsen, 2000) in contrast to US or UK. As a result, on that point exists convergence of skills in con trast to polarization of skills as has been reported in UK business leading to dead-end and low-skilled employment (Crouch, 1997, p. 372). German business has advantaged hugely from veterinarian system which demands continuous retraining and up-skilling (Crouch, 1997, p. 372). Clear difference exists in employment systems and HRM policies between CMEs (Germany, Italy, France etc.) and LMEs (US, UK etc.) (Boyer, 2005) which explains why business systems continue to diverge despite increase in globalization. Reportedly, there is greater polarization in US business systems with the bottom 10% of the working population now being absolutely poorer than they were at the end of 1970s (OECD, cited in Crouch, 1997, p. 370), but they also emphasize more on diversity management (Egan and Bendick, 2003). Japan, however, practices a blend of general education system of a US kind and VET system of a German kind and believes in ensuring diversity of opportunities but within a more German setting (Crouch, 1997, p. 373). HRM In contrast to LMEs (Liberal market economies) like US, UK, and Australia, business systems in German, Netherlands, and Swedish market economies show different approach to dealing with HRM. Germany and Scandinavia are CMEs (Coordinated market economies) where principle value is maximized. CMEs emphasize more on employment regulation in which state plays a greater role than the stock market. All business systems in CME countries have stronger systems of employee voice and there is higher consultation between firms and employees (Farndale, Brewster, and Poutsma, 2008, p. 2008). Now in HRM terms, business systems operating under CMEs are

Marketing story analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing story analysis - Essay ExampleThe story under analysis is When marketers capture the moment by David Benady. It was posted in the Guardian on 13th November 203. This piece explains the impact of real time marketing. The author argues that consumers today are more demanding from advertisers. They require witty but germane(predicate) messages, which must be delivered in real time. Companies like BMW, biscuit maker, Oreo and Betfair bring in used this strategy to capture new markets. These businesses have revolutionised consumer reach through with(p) social media. Nonetheless, one must invest considerable resources to achieve any clout.Literature reviewConsumer behaviour The consumer finish model is quite useful in explaining consumer behaviour. Blackwell (2001) explains that consumers oftentimes engage in a seven-step decision process. First, they recognize their needs, search for information, evaluate alternatives, buy, reflect upon their purchase and divest. Sometimes stimuli could alter this process. The stimuli may be natural or external. International influences include the knowledge, resources, personality or attitudes of the buyer. External influences involve social class, family, culture or certain situations. In this regard, consumers are active thinkers and planners. Erasmus (2001) disagrees with the to a higher place writers by stating that consumer behaviour is not always rational. Sometimes individuals may behave in a non conscious manner. Consumer behaviour is sometimes opportunistic and even disorderly. victimization rational approaches may discount the relevance of emotions and other dynamics. 7 Ps The 7Ps marketing mix is a conceptual framework in which key decision makers configure their offerings in order to mach customer needs (Andersson, 1992). Palmer (2004) explains that the tools are useful in short term tactics as well as farseeing term strategies (Chaffey et. al., 2000). Moller (2006) likens the elements of the marketin g mix to ingredients of a cake. Their proportions can be changed in order to prepare the perfect cake (Patterson and Ward, 2000). The marketing manager must drive to trade off benefits of one concept with gains from the other (Peattie, 1997). A companys marketing philosophy comes from its allocation of resources within the 7Ps (Egan, 2001). This approach separates marketing from the confront of the organisation and allows for delegation of marketing duties to specialities (Ingram et. al., 2007). Some authors disagree with the above sentiments by explaining that not all parts of the 7Ps need to be given equal management certain aspects are more critical than others (Stratten, 2010). Furthermore, most companies regard product as a distinct component (Jobber, 2010). However, some companies sell a serial of products, each of which is connected to the other in the mind of the consumer (Pride and Ferrell, 2010). When implementing the marketing mix, one may consider marketing as cultur e, as a strategy, or as a tactic (Rafiq and Ahmed, 1995). Communications mix The 4Cs are a fundamental framework used to explain how companies select marketing communications. Scholars posit that this could be done on the basis of control, costs, credibility and communications (Gilliland and Johnston, 1997). If an organization feels that it needs to control message delivery, then it may opt for personal communication mixes (Balmer and Gray, 2003). The financial resources that a company has may affect its ability to exert leverage over the third party that is transmitting the message (Mohr and Nevin, 1990). Credibility in communications is often ascertained through a third party that seems objective in order to distract consumers away from the actual intention of selling (Houston and Gassenheimer, 1987 Houston and Gassenheimer, 1987). Finally, the geographic dispersal of the target audience will determine how effectively the message reaches its audience (Stern and El-Ansary, 1995). Analysis In the case under analysis, the author feels that consumers in social media have raised their expectations concerning consumer brands

Development and the Environment-Environmental Factors and Human Essay

Development and the Environment-Environmental Factors and Human Activity - Essay ExampleThis growth will be broadly speaking seen in the urban areas of several developing countries worldwide (United Nations Population Fund, 2007). China, Indonesia, India and Brazil, whose combined populations account almost half of the world, have highly cosmopolitan centers that were rapidly changing and growing. The socio-economic as well as the political landscapes of these areas have metamorphosed over time due to the sudden proliferation of migrants from within and outside of the country (Jones & Visaria, 1997). It was hypothesized that the large inflows of migrants that precipitated the growth of urban areas were largely due to the multifaceted advantages that people think of cities (Gilbert & Gugler, 1992). The powerful presence of sophisticated infrastructures such as the health-care facilities, transportation services and communication channels, among others, which are scarcely evident in rural areas, was believed to be the reason why there is a massive exodus bound for the metropolis (Bartone, 1991 Gugler, 1988). The proximity of numerous financial institutions and academic organizations as well as explained these city-ward migrations (Dickenson, 1996). People who are lured by the many an opportunity in business and study relocated to the cities (Kasarda & Crenshaw, 1991). For aspiring investors, the city is a move where the promise of financial rewards abounds. Furthermore, a great deal of the population assumes that the universities and colleges in the city would not only bring them prestige but also large(p) privileges of employment. Consequently, the main rationalization of urbanization is the existence of employment opportunities in the cities (Yamazaki, 1993). Global statistics show that the swift sprouting of industries of multinational corporations in countries like Mexico and South Africa, and the cities of Dubai and Hongkong, spurred the arriver of p eople from the countryside or the provinces. In the Philippines, although there was a great number of out-migrations and expatriation in the country, a significant swelling of urban cities was also describe (Stretton, 1981). A noticeable shift of the textile industries to the developing counties was documented in the in the last few decades (Fitzpatrick, 1983). Major players of the automobile industry were also centering their manufacturing services in the ordinal World, as the palpable rise of car makers from the developing nations was observed (Cramer, 2005). These major transformations were derived from the proliferation of trading districts, corporate centers and tourism destinations in the Third World, where countries saw the need to gain a competitive edge by creating global cities (Melchert, 2005). Hazards to the Urban Poor The story of urbanization is a paradox. While opportunities exist, problems also persist. As populations in urban areas grow swiftly and irrepressibly, the urbanites are confronted with a host of man-made and natural hazards. It is a wide-ranging predicament to the urban unworthy from high levels of risk due to inferior shelters and dangerous infrastructures to vulnerabilities in health-care provision, epidemics and criminality. Poverty is seen as the root of all powerlessness and the violations of the rights of the low-income citizens. Aside from this, the urban poor is face with environmental hazards in their homes and workplaces that would lead to

Rise the of Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rise the of Global Economy - Essay ExampleSovereign Debt Crisis has a long history which goes much beyond the developing countries. During the Great Depression of 1930, default in debts came from France and UK. In 1956, Argentina had to face debt repayment problems which led to the shaping of Paris Club. With borrowing having increased significantly during mid 1970s, Mexico in 1982 came up with measures to fight debt crisis. The decade 1980- 1990 was known as lost decade. In 1994 Mexico was belt by Tequila Crisis which passed to Latin America and many other developing countries. Similar defaults also happened in 1997 in Russia followed by the biggest sovereign default in 2002 by Argentina when it defaulted $141billion (Dodd, 2002).Currently America is going through the worst economic crisis of every times. Bankruptcy of major American companies like General Motors, Ford and Chrysler, monetary institutions like JP Morgan, the sub prime crisis has all together resulted in the worst crisis of the American economy. There have been huge job cuts and consumer spending is at an all time low. Huge lending by the government to bail out the bankrupt companies and other economies has led to huge debt on the treasury. In this context misgiving of sovereign default and currency crisis is all pervasive.National debt refers to the total liabilities that government has. For US it is the sum total of all the outstanding debts that the national Government owes. Federal deficit refers to the difference between the amount of money that the US government collects from the public called receipts in the form of taxes and other sources and the amount it actually spends referred to as outlays. Financial deficit has two parts, On-budget and Off-budget.The total debt can be regarded as the total of accumulated deficits and off-budget surpluses. The treasury needs to borrow money from the public in order to meet the on-budget

John Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John Q - Essay ExampleJohn Q is a highly romanticized representation of real world financial trouble that is go through by normal people such as George Tillman on a regular basis.Denzel Washingtons character in the movie is a roughhewn man with a common name who encounters extraordinary problems. John is a factory worker and is experiencing financial hardship in lieu of his hours being cut. At a baseball game, his son passes out and the parents soon discover that the son is in desperate need of an emergency heart transplant. Although the family has health insurance, the coverage pull up stakes not provide for such an expensive procedure. John is suitable to convince a heart surgeon to concluded the surgery at a get cost but he is still unable to cover the costs. Faced with the impending death of his son, John holds the hospital hostage in order to complete the surgery. In the end, his son receives a heart transplant but John must serve time in jail.The article about George Till man deals with a interchangeable circumstance but applies to a real world setting. Mr. Tillman found himself on welfare and living in a shelter with his children after quitting his security job. However, Tillman was able to pull himself out of the system and even founded a successful business enterprise after receiving work training. Tillman was an outspoken critic of the system and continually wrote to politics agencies to voice his complaints regarding the inefficient nature of work training agencies.The two men both faced daunting circumstances that could have potentially damaged their families. In the case of John Q, the healthcare crisis in the United States is examined and criticized. A common man took on an unfair system, but was forced to resort to violence when everyone refused to sustain him. John Qs story is highly romanticized because in real life situations, holding up an emergency room is not an option. Tillmans